Additionally, irrigation systems were updated while shipbuilding increased to meet the demands of the trade from the growing Silk Route. This period is credited with the invention of gunpowder for weaponry. Despite the fighting and death tolls, innovation thrived.This population loss was a result of ongoing fighting and internal displacement brought on by war. During the Han Empire, China boasted a population of 54 million, but during the Jin Empire, their population fell to 16 million. This period of fighting was responsible for one of the deadliest periods in China’s history.After conquering the north, they turned their sights south and gradually took over the Shu and Wu kingdoms, declaring victory in 280 AD. The Wei Kingdom was overthrown as the Jin Dynasty emerged in 265 AD.The two kingdoms in the south, the Shu and Wu, formed an alliance out of military strategy to keep the Wei contained to the north. Located north of the Yangtze (Yellow) River, the Wei Kingdom was unable to conquer the other two kingdoms. Of the Three Kingdoms, the Wei Kingdom had the strongest military.The Wei Kingdom was led by Cao Pi, who controlled the northern part of China the Shu Kingdom was led by Liu Bein, who controlled the southwestern part of China and the Wu Kingdom was led by Sun Quan, who controlled the southeastern part of China.
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